Play Is An Essential Part Of Every Child s Life Essay

Play is an essential part of every child s life and is vital for the enjoyment of childhood as well as social, emotional, intellectual and physical development. When children are asked about what they think is important in their lives, playing and friends is usually at the top of the list. Play is a fun way for children to learn and because it’s fun, they become more engaged in what they’re doing; meaning that they are more likely to remember what they’re learning. Play is natural for children, it isn’t something they have to be taught. Nobody can force children to play, it’s something they do as they grow, an ordinary concept of their development as a person. Children are able to be free when it comes to play, this means choosing what they explore, instead of having it forced upon them. Play is important for the learning, development and well-being of children. Play is important as it can support the different aspects of children’s physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social (P.I.L.E.S). Physical development can be supported as children are always moving when playing, also outdoor play enables them to run and move freely outside. When children engage in physically active play, she is strengthening physical coordination. She might do this by climbing, kicking, running, balancing, and jumping. A child going through an obstacle course, for example, is working on physical coordination. Intellectual development can be supported through play using activities suchShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Siblings Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesface whatever life sends. In life, the family is truly essential, and the most essential members of the family are siblings. Siblings stand with each other through thick and thin. They show each other the ropes for many things and are the companions that face most of life’s problems. One may argue that a single child will turn out to be better as the child will grow to be independent and will have all the attention of the parents. Moreover, it may work financially in favor of the child as he will receiveRead MoreProduct Review : Step2 Deluxe Toy Workbench1004 Words   |  5 PagesProduct review: Step2 Deluxe Toy Workbench Every parent want the best for their growing child. Child development is a crucial aspect in every aspect of life. The future mainly depends on how your child grew up and to some extent, the toys they interacted with. Therefore, parents should consider toy features and how they relate to real life before purchasing. An example to that can be possible choice is the Step2 Workbench. Looking at some of the key product features, you can make an informed decisionRead MoreMusical Instrument Benefit An Individual1593 Words   |  7 PagesLearning to play any musical instrument benefits an individual in all aspects of life, whether it s academically, socially, physically, or emotionally. Instruments that were created to make musical sounds are categorized into five main groups; strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion, and keyboards. And all it takes is dedication and admiration in order to successfully learn how to play an instrument. I believe that musicians, those who have musical ability, have an advantage over other individualsRead MoreGraduation Speech : Grade School1559 Words   |  7 Pagesus begin our day with the bell ringer. Please complete the three math problems that are on the board. You must do these by yourself... and yes, that includes you Jonathan. You don t want me to have another conference with your mother, right? That s what I thought. You will all have ten minutes, so go ahead and begin. We will go over them together after time is up. They will help us review our long division, which I introduced yesterday. If you have any questions, please raise your hand.  Ã‚   DoesRead MoreThe Availability Of Play Opportunities For Children During Early Childhood Programs1611 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose of the Study: To analyze the availability of play opportunities for children in early childhood programs in rural India. Rationale of the Study: The study is being conducted after reading various researches conducted in this field. India is a land of diversities and hence the availability of play and its opportunities are also varied. This study attempts to analyze this diversity at three different setups. Play enhances a child’s development significantly. It serves as a foundation for manyRead MoreJohn Bowlby s Theory Of Attachment1439 Words   |  6 Pagesparents believed that spending too much time with him could lead to him becoming a spoilt child. At age 7 he was sent to boarding school by his parents. After finishing boarding school Bowlby went on to study psychology at Trinity College in Cambridge and worked with delinquent children. Once he graduated from Trinity he volunteered at a school and worked with two unstable children which inspired him to become a child psychiatrist. After this he went on to study medicine at University College HospitalRead MoreThe Call for Quality Daycare for All Children951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Call for Quality Daycare for All Children. Daycare has turn into a debate for the reason there are two sides to every debate and then there is what some would call the middle. There are advantages and disadvantages when it comes to leaving one’s child in the care of another individual and many aspects play an acting role and the list is unlimited when comes to what all it involves. Although a very large number of parents require the assistances of childcare facilities’, because of the economyRead MoreCritical Issues Paper Of Testing Equality1682 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctionality of the child s life. As we know, early diagnosis is key producing long-term effects whenever families and parents are diligent in getting their children help. Throughout the diagnosis process, it is imperative to take every element into account. Considerations such as race, culture, and socioeconomic status may affect the validity and reliability of the test. Although the test can be administered exactly as it should be, there ar e many different characteristics of the child in their upbringingRead MoreAn Early Childhood Educator My Goal1621 Words   |  7 Pagesto promote the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development of each child. I also believe that play should be the base of learning since children learn best by doing. I believe that a balance between teacher-directed and child-initiated activities is essential balance can be developed by using the developmentally appropriate practice approach, which means that activities should be â€Å"appropriate for each child and relevant to the child’s ability, needs and interests, also including the child’sRead MoreMy Career As An Educator947 Words   |  4 Pages Teachers are one of the largest forces a child will encounter in their life to help them in their journey of self. As a teacher it is important to understand this and be able to create a learning environment for the needs of all. I accept that my philosophy is mine and ke ep my mind open to the knowledge of others in my career as an educator. Therefore, I consider myself to be eclectic in my methods of education. As a lifelong learner, I am reliant on my teachers to help me develop new theories

Depression Treatments - 1690 Words

CONTEXT Depression is a psychological disease. It is one of the most common mental illnesses (Blais, et al., 2013). Depression was known since antiquity. Hippocrates diagnosed it in fourth century BC (McNamara and Horan, 1986). After World War II, depression was described as â€Å"aggression turned inward† (McNamara Horan, 1986). Now there is Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, which is designed to evaluate how severe is depression (Gibbons et al., 2012). Depression is known worldwide. In European countries there are generally two ways of treatment: using antidepressants or psychotherapy. The systems differ from country to country. In United Kingdom general practitioner [GP] has a right to prescribe drugs, but in Germany only psychiatrist or†¦show more content†¦All their comparisons are in favor of psychological model of treatment. They draw the conclusion that the relationship of patient and therapist is important. The therapist has to support the patient and focus on the context of the problem to provide the best opportunity for symptom reduction (Ankatberg Falkenstrà ¶m, 2008). The treatment should be delivered correctly for the positive outcome. Antidepressants do not affect the cure of patient as much, as it is thought. Therefore the time spent with therapist when the patient is taking antidepressants should be increased. According to Ankatberg and Falkenstrà ¶m (2008), â€Å"patients should feel better understood, supported and engaged in treatment.† But in the earliest research psychotherapy was ranked the least effective at follow-ups (McLean and Hakstian, 1979). Having considered these findings, it would seem that psychotherapy should be investigated more deeply. Also it is possible to treat depression from relational perspective. Gibbons et al. (2012) conducted an experiment. There were patients only with pure depression, without any other disorders. The treatment consisted in discussing five to ten real life stories of the patient that included most important people in their life. The therapist had to go in detail into each relationship to help the patient understand his behavioural patterns that led to depression. The success rate was high. This experiment has proved that dynamic, short-term (12 weeks), and focusedShow MoreRelatedStigma And Treatment Of Depression1585 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Depression has become a daunting problem around the world, with the World Health Organization listing it as the leading cause of disability.1 As well, in 2030 it is anticipated to be second on a list of fifteen major disease burdens.2 In the United States, depression is a large, but often overlooked epidemic. It is estimated that 6.7% of the U.S. population suffer from depression yearly, with a lifetime diagnosis rate of approximately 16%.3,4 Additionally, it is estimated that 4-5%Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Depression1180 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Depression is a serious and prevalent problem in the 21st century and had been for a long time. It is the most common mood disorder and has a lifetime prevalence rate of 6-25% in international studies (Carr, 2012). Reliable diagnosis is vital for the study of mental disorders (Fried, Epskamp, Nesse, Tuerlinckx Borsboom, 2016) and with the rising issue that depression is, individuals with multiple chronic diseases can be tackling depression occurring at the same time thus, it may complicateRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatments Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Postpartum in United States According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, depression is â€Å"a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies.† According to the definition of the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), postpartum depressionRead MoreFactors That Affect The Treatment Of Tina Depression1161 Words   |  5 Pages The purpose of this paper is to examine important misconceptions of psychopathology which could impact the treatment of Tina depression. Discuss her symptoms of depression, intake interview, and why the counselor’s own perception of psychopathology is extremely important in the diagnostic process (GCU, 2015). Make sure her family member knows about medications, treatments, referrals, and any other special instru ctions (Wolters, 1999). MISCONCEPTIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY We had a subjectRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Depression Essay2726 Words   |  11 PagesDepression is quite common nowadays-statistics say that nearly 10% of people in the United States suffer from it each year, and 30% of women are depressed. Many of these people suffer in silence, so to speak, never talking to their doctors about their problem, let alone their friends and family. Some are able to find the courage to talk to their regular doctors, though they may feel awkward and shy discussing the problem. And it does take courage to speak up, trust me-I know because I suffer fromRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Depression1950 Words   |  8 Pagesintroduced psychiatric therapy called bibliotherapy helps restore many people’s ailments, such as depression, one piece of literature at a time. Depression is a major disorder that thousands have to live with everyday, but less than half go to a form of therapy for the disorder. Bibliotherapy can either be prescrib ed by themselves or they can get a doctor to give recommendations. Bibliotherapy helps with depression by showing better results than other therapies and by empathizing with many characters andRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Depression Essay2079 Words   |  9 PagesDepression is a disabling mental disorder that is related to mood and characterized by persistent feeling of sadness, poor sleep and suicidal ideation in severe forms. As a topical issue, emphasis is often reserved for those with evident symptoms, with little emphasis on vulnerability. For women, the nature of sex hormone production makes them particularly vulnerable as they grow older and by the age of forty five to sixty years, depressive symptoms are quite common and they are closely related toRead MoreDepression: Symptoms, Types, and Treatments Essay1956 Words   |  8 PagesDepression is an equal opportunity disorder, it can affect any group of people with any background, race, gender, or age. Depression is a sneak thief that slips quietly and gradually into people’s lives - robbing them of their time, and their focus. At first, depression may be undetectable, but in the long run a person could become so weighed down that their life may feel empty and meaningless. Contrary to popular belief, not everyone who commits suicide is depressed, but majority of people whoRead MoreTreatment for Depression1319 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment of Depression Abstract Depression affects many people around the world. Depression can be described as feeling sad, lost, angry, and frustrated. Today, antidepressants are the main way to treat depression. Researchers are working on a new treatment to better help people with depression. This treatment is called Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Researchers want to know how TMS can be used, and what type of depression patients they want to use it on. Studies have helped narrowRead MoreTreatments for Depression594 Words   |  2 PagesDifferent types of depression require a variety of treatments, with mild or moderate, a change in lifestyle could be all that is needed, for severe depression, psychotherapy and medication may be necessary. First, spirituality enhances our mood in many ways, an example being the calming effects when one meditates. Feelings of connectedness to other people, and asking questions about our existence and purpose give our life meaning. Practices such as prayer, yoga and meditation can all relax the

Food safety Free Essays

Time Is what causes and encourages humans to change. When one starts something they may not know everything about It until they actually begin to participate and lea run as they go. Over many years, people all around the world have developed different types of lie epistyles. We will write a custom essay sample on Food safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Years ago, society relied on the hunted gather method to gather food. It later transitioned from farming and then into city life. This meant people were living much closer together, a Lowing asses to spread mostly from food not being properly preserved. This was different f room the farming lifestyle where the owner knew whether or not food was safe because he or s he was growing It themselves. Many did not expect this change because city life was new to t hem, something they had never experienced before. When society changes so fast, It takes a while for the people to adapt to new dangers. The importance of food safety became more bob loss with these changes in society. Over time, people became aware of all the diseases and sis uses that food causes humans. Once these diseases became more and more noticeable, individuals set out to solve the Issues. Many seeded ways to preserve food which ended up largely shaping and changing our world’s society today. The shift from a rural lifestyle to city life allowed food safety to evolve with new inventions and discoveries causing the food industry to beck mom more sanitary and keep people from getting sick. How to cite Food safety, Essays Food safety Free Essays Food safety has become a major concern these days for us, because many restaurants are diverging there focus from producing and providing good quality food towards the provision of food that does not require enough work and cost. Of the two approaches of enhancing food safety, the one that implies a stronger enforcement program by the local health department would be much more effective than simply making it mandatory for the restaurant employees to conduct training sessions for learning the techniques for food safety. The reason why the former technique is better is that even if the employees are trained, they would still not act the way we want them to due to the lust for profits and putting less effort. We will write a custom essay sample on Food safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whereas, if certain stiff rules and regulations are developed and implemented, all the restaurants would automatically start abiding by those rules in order to avoid penalties or bans. Such rules might include disposing off of food that smells or has become infected, washing hands before cooking, and keeping utensils and kitchen clean (Food and Drug Administration, 2010). The effectiveness or efficiency of any business or organization is deeply impacted by the ‘attitudes’ of employees. Attitudes are basically the judgments that are formed by a person regarding the characteristics or nature of any object, act, or event. It might be positive, negative, or indifferent. The attitudes of workers matters a lot in the business environment, since they are the main assets of a company who perform all the activities that might be interlinked with each other. Attitudes shape emotions and behaviors, so if the workers do not really care about the hygiene or safety of the food and carry on the methods the way they are, then the compromise would be done on the safety and quality of food. Whereas, if the workers have strong values, beliefs, and perceptions, then they would most probably be taking care of the safety and promoting others too to consider effective and safety methods when storing, cooking or serving. Answer – 2 Since the department has limited resources to overcome the issue of mosquito bites and illness; therefore, efficient and cheap methods must be adapted to fight with the problem. West Nile Virus results in the flu-like illness among the children who have regular immune systems. As far as the prevention of being bit by the mosquitoes is concerned, the best way to avoid being bit is to use insect repellent and emptying the standing water from buckets, open-floors, or flower pots. People can simply put on some insect repellent or oil on their body – face and hands – before going to sleep; this automatically keeps the mosquitoes away from biting. Secondly, to stay within the home at the time of dawn and dusk would protect the people from being bit by the mosquitoes, since they are very active at these timings (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2010). And for the control of mosquito population in the community, the best measure that can be adapted is to make people aware about the factors that lead to further enhancement in the population of mosquitoes. One sound method is to clean the stagnant water from various places such as, buckets, open-floors, garden, or flower pots. It is obvious that if there is no open water, it would not get contaminated, and hence would not result in the production of more mosquitoes. This strategy is quite effective and cheap as compared to the process of fumigation, which requires high costs and expenses. References Food and Drug Administration. (2010). Food Safety. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/foodsafety. html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2010). West Nile Virus. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus. html How to cite Food safety, Essays

Food safety Free Essays

Time Is what causes and encourages humans to change. When one starts something they may not know everything about It until they actually begin to participate and lea run as they go. Over many years, people all around the world have developed different types of lie epistyles. We will write a custom essay sample on Food safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Years ago, society relied on the hunted gather method to gather food. It later transitioned from farming and then into city life. This meant people were living much closer together, a Lowing asses to spread mostly from food not being properly preserved. This was different f room the farming lifestyle where the owner knew whether or not food was safe because he or s he was growing It themselves. Many did not expect this change because city life was new to t hem, something they had never experienced before. When society changes so fast, It takes a while for the people to adapt to new dangers. The importance of food safety became more bob loss with these changes in society. Over time, people became aware of all the diseases and sis uses that food causes humans. Once these diseases became more and more noticeable, individuals set out to solve the Issues. Many seeded ways to preserve food which ended up largely shaping and changing our world’s society today. The shift from a rural lifestyle to city life allowed food safety to evolve with new inventions and discoveries causing the food industry to beck mom more sanitary and keep people from getting sick. How to cite Food safety, Essays Food safety Free Essays Food safety has become a major concern these days for us, because many restaurants are diverging there focus from producing and providing good quality food towards the provision of food that does not require enough work and cost. Of the two approaches of enhancing food safety, the one that implies a stronger enforcement program by the local health department would be much more effective than simply making it mandatory for the restaurant employees to conduct training sessions for learning the techniques for food safety. The reason why the former technique is better is that even if the employees are trained, they would still not act the way we want them to due to the lust for profits and putting less effort. We will write a custom essay sample on Food safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whereas, if certain stiff rules and regulations are developed and implemented, all the restaurants would automatically start abiding by those rules in order to avoid penalties or bans. Such rules might include disposing off of food that smells or has become infected, washing hands before cooking, and keeping utensils and kitchen clean (Food and Drug Administration, 2010). The effectiveness or efficiency of any business or organization is deeply impacted by the ‘attitudes’ of employees. Attitudes are basically the judgments that are formed by a person regarding the characteristics or nature of any object, act, or event. It might be positive, negative, or indifferent. The attitudes of workers matters a lot in the business environment, since they are the main assets of a company who perform all the activities that might be interlinked with each other. Attitudes shape emotions and behaviors, so if the workers do not really care about the hygiene or safety of the food and carry on the methods the way they are, then the compromise would be done on the safety and quality of food. Whereas, if the workers have strong values, beliefs, and perceptions, then they would most probably be taking care of the safety and promoting others too to consider effective and safety methods when storing, cooking or serving. Answer – 2 Since the department has limited resources to overcome the issue of mosquito bites and illness; therefore, efficient and cheap methods must be adapted to fight with the problem. West Nile Virus results in the flu-like illness among the children who have regular immune systems. As far as the prevention of being bit by the mosquitoes is concerned, the best way to avoid being bit is to use insect repellent and emptying the standing water from buckets, open-floors, or flower pots. People can simply put on some insect repellent or oil on their body – face and hands – before going to sleep; this automatically keeps the mosquitoes away from biting. Secondly, to stay within the home at the time of dawn and dusk would protect the people from being bit by the mosquitoes, since they are very active at these timings (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2010). And for the control of mosquito population in the community, the best measure that can be adapted is to make people aware about the factors that lead to further enhancement in the population of mosquitoes. One sound method is to clean the stagnant water from various places such as, buckets, open-floors, garden, or flower pots. It is obvious that if there is no open water, it would not get contaminated, and hence would not result in the production of more mosquitoes. This strategy is quite effective and cheap as compared to the process of fumigation, which requires high costs and expenses. References Food and Drug Administration. (2010). Food Safety. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/foodsafety. html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2010). West Nile Virus. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus. html How to cite Food safety, Essays

Medical Laboratory Quality Systems and Accreditation

Abstract Nowadays, physicians and public health programme managers are dependent on the technological advancements in health laboratories to make knowledgeable assessments. At the same time, people have continued to demand quality laboratory results. The definition of quality services has been elaborated via the International Organization of Standardization (ISO).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Medical Laboratory Quality Systems and Accreditation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health laboratories are nowadays required to provide quality service, through the use of quality equipment. This process requires unremitting monitoring and frequent assessment using various evaluation tools. The World Health Organization has been a strong supporter for the execution and evaluation of quality in health laboratories. The application of Lean thinking in the health care system has been aimed at increasing efficienc y, reducing waste and enhancing a united working environment. Key words ISO – international Organization of Standardization WHO – World Health Organization Accreditation – official identification by a trustworthy body that a laboratory is proficient in conducting its operations. Lean thinking – Lean thinking is the detection and abolition of waste which allows managers to encourage precision via progressive developmentAdvertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Introduction Quality management and emphasis on safety in the laboratory is an old concept. The laboratories have been observed to rely on guidance developing organizations, for aid in procedures and accreditation programs. An example of such organizations is the CLSI, formerly referred to as NCCLS. The quality of services provided by a laboratory is dependent on the quality of reagents and equi pment used, as well as the suppliers. The techniques used in quality management have been tried and tested since the period of the great depression, with major developments being noticed in Canada. This development was possible through leadership and establishment of international standards (Guarriello 1997, p 69). Method The research was based on various articles, which were selected based on a few factors. These articles used had globally identifiable effects. The material used was also appropriate, in terms of the methodology used to conduct the investigation, the number of subjects in the research, their age and gender, as well as their response rates to the survey. The literature used was mainly published literature, and academic research, obtained from on-line sources such as PubMed and Embase. The material obtained was categorized into various sections in order to highlight the problems faced by laboratory Healthcare systems, identify causes and propose remedies, based on Lea n thinking. The discussions of statistical data were beneficial in supporting the advantages of Lean thinking in diagnostic laboratories (Ben-Tovim, et al. 2008, p 29). Laboratory errors Through various studies conducted to determine the variables that affect the quality of laboratory services, some common factors were found to be the leading causes of unreliable health laboratory services. Laboratory errors were observed to be a result of understaffing, inadequate attention to detail, poor sample control, poor workload management, poor verification of results, non-validated tests, time pressures and lack of quality control and assessment. These factors were observed to collectively result on poor quality management in health laboratory (Ben-Tovim, Bassham, Bolch, Martin, Dougherty, Szwarcbord 2007, p 14).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Medical Laboratory Quality Systems and Accreditation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To resolve these issues, the first step was the creation of an agency, such as the International Society for Quality Healthcare. The next step involved the formation of a group to work with. The people necessary for such a venture include industry suppliers to provide equipment, health care providers, the public or patients, recognition agencies, EQA providers and standards development. The next and final step in the efforts to provide quality management in health laboratories was the creation of a workable system. This system comprised various elements including a clear declaration of policy, enhanced tracking of outcomes, better quality monitoring as well as better awareness of client contentment (Boaden 2006, p 461). Lean process The Lean approach originated from fields other than healthcare, though the practises could be properly incorporated into care delivery. Lean Lab involves the identification and abolition of non-value adding activities in a clinical l aboratory, based on progressive enhancement using a systematic approach. Lean lab looks at enhancing safety, improving the response to physicians and patients by enhancing flexibility, decreasing or abolishing wastages of supplies, motion and space, ensuring a steady rate of tests and specimen preparation, maximizing staff responsibilities, reducing expenses by increasing the capacity and minimizing time for analysis, and creating a position for everything, and placing everything at its rightful place (Cooper Mohabeersingh 2008, p 4). The main objective of the application of Lean in the laboratory is the delivery of quality patient laboratory results. These results should be satisfactory to the patient, produced at the lowest cost, and released within the shortest time. Lean looks at process reorganization, change in process management while observing redundant motion, recognizing waste and acknowledging the patient’s view of quality care (Kelly, Bryant, Cox, Jolley 2007, p 18). Lean principles Based on the application of Lean to the clinical laboratory, there were five Lean principles observed. The first principle is value, as perceived by the patient. Value refers to the features that the client pays for, including attention given, quality of service and fast service delivery.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second principle is value stream. This implies looking at the individual processes for providing medical care and identifying and removing any wastage. The third principle is flow, which implies the uninterrupted provision of a service, in value-adding steps. The fourth principle is pull, which is beneficial in helping to identify any cause of action, for smooth running of the processes. The final principle is continuous improvement, which places various features under scrutiny, including time, resources and information, necessary to provide quality service to the client (King, Ben-Tovim, Bassham 2006, p 396). Lean principles are meant to increase quality, capacity, efficiency and throughput. Concurrently, they should result in reduced cost, inventory, space and time, which are seen in the name given to the process. Other terms used to refer to the Lean process are Business Process Redesign and Operational Effectiveness. Lean practises incorporate various levels of execution th at focus on the client’s treatment progress, the tasks involved in the process and the implementation of tactical operations. Every operation of patient care from admission and diagnosis to discharge requires a good design of the processes, including the expected involvement of various departments. The Lean principles are effective in providing the guidance to accomplish these processes correctly. The first step in the initiation of Lean projects on medical laboratories is the observation of processes, with a view to identifying any wasteful processes (Long 2003, p 54). Wasteful processes in laboratories There is a lot of wastage in waiting for materials, equipment, information and people in laboratory processes, while in preparation. This kind of wastage can be attributed to equipment problems or the push system, where delays can be observed when waiting for the system to be back up, or waiting for samples in a batch to complete testing. There is also a lot of wastage in the transportation of material or relaying information that has no additional value. The main causes of this are large batches and inefficient workplace layout. Examples of wastage in transportation include moving patients for testing and transferring files and samples between different parties. Over processing of client data also occurs when visual controls are unavailable. This results in redundant approvals, excess paperwork, unnecessary tests and repetitive data entries. Inventories can also be wasteful when the information available is more than what is needed. This can be caused by re-stocks and re-orders that are not based on consumption. Examples of this kind of wastage include lab supplies, unused records in the database, paperwork in progress and specimens waiting analysis (Mitchell, 2006). Wastages in laboratories can also be observed in the movement of people that does not add value to the quality of service provided to a client. Wasteful movement can be a result of ill-pla nned work areas and non-ergonomic work cell design, leading to time wastage when gathering tools, handling paperwork and finding supplies. Defective work that contains errors or many mistakes due to poor maintenance of equipment or inaccuracies and omissions in the information provided leads to wastages. Examples of defective work include errors in data entry, wrongful matching of test results and patients and revision of results that compromises the integrity of the samples. Overproduction refers to the generation of excess information that is not necessary to administer the treatment. Re-prioritization also leads to wastages. This is observed when the tech is interrupted when performing one task, and shifts to another task before completing the previous one. This is common practise when troubleshooting, or in the occurrence of sudden equipment failure. A common type of wastage that can be blamed on the management is mis-utilization of skills. This can be a result of understaffing, which leads to lack of improvement in the various processes (Mitchell, 2006). The current system needs to be scrutinized after identifying the wastages in the laboratory process. This process involves following a patient or a sample through the whole treatment process, from examinations to discharge. The people in each work station are also examined, with a view to identifying where value for the patient is created. Through these studies, wastes can be exposed and documented, by analyzing the time spent in each of the processes. This is a tiring step that is necessary and effective. The third step requires the administration to imagine the future without the wastages. This is a key step in the application of Lean principles as it affects the implementation based on morale and vision (Young McClean 2008, p 384). Typical Lean projects The first step requires the formation of a laboratory team, comprising a supervisor, a lead tech, a skilled Lean leader and a few more people. Adminis trative support is necessary from the beginning of the project. There is a process matrix to guide the team members. It contains the major performance indicators and baseline measurements. The team members are trained in Lean thinking, and are progressively informed on the other Lean tools like the flow layout and change management. The process involves mapping the present stage, documenting an ideal state in the future and planning an implementation strategy. Execution of the strategy requires regular re-examining of the process (Young McClean 2008, p 386). Common Lean tools There are some Lean tools that are ever in use, in the laboratory environment. These include simulation, cellular organization, standard work and quality monitoring and work in progress management. Cellular organization refers to physical layout. Lean thinking reduces time wastage by ensuring that many processes are brought closer together to reduce on wastages associated with handing duties over, or work batc hing. This is made possible by reducing batching and hand-over points. Work in progress control is also referred to as value stream mapping. This involves following a process from the time it begins till the end, with a view to identifying any wastes. This strategy looks at value adding activities and non value adding activities, in order to reduce the turnaround time (Boaden 2006, p 466). Quality monitoring involves the investigation of processes to identify working strategies, and the need for change. In the event that changes are made, evaluations are made to ensure considerable similarity to the right way of operation. Changes should be implemented with the aid of training guides. Videos and photos are taken to ensure that variations in the quality of service are identifiable by every person. Improvements can be made once the work has been standardized. Process simulation involves the creation of a virtual model of a laboratory or process. This is beneficial in that it allows te sting without interfering with the ongoing activities. This Lean tool is very effective in understanding the system, as it helps in choosing the most suitable alternative, based on process and staffing alterations (Boaden 2006, p 469). Conclusion The application of Lean methodology in the current healthcare environment is necessary due to the increasing population, leading to the requirement for more space in the laboratories. At the same time, the methodology helps to solve the problem of inadequate skilled professionals, by attempting to meet the high expectations set by the clients. Lean projects have led to smaller batch sizes, better scheduling of samples to staffing schedules, standardization of work processes, better operational tracking management and mistake-proofing to minimize faults resulting from human error (Cooper Mohabeersingh 2008, p 8). References Ben-Tovim, D. I., Bassham, J. E., Bennett, D. M., Dougherty, M. L., Martin, M. A., O’Neill, S. J., et al. (2008 ). Redesigning care at the Flinders Medical Centre: clinical process redesign using ‘lean thinking’. Med J Aust , 188(6 Suppl), pp 27-31. Ben-Tovim, D. I., Bassham, J. E., Bolch, D., Martin, M. A., Dougherty, M., Szwarcbord, M. (2007,). Lean thinking across a hospital: redesigning care at the Flinders Medical Centre. Aust Health Rev , 31, pp 10-15. Boaden, R. (2006). Quality improvement in healthcare. In: Walshe K, Smith J (eds.). Healthcare Management, pp 454-478. Cooper, R. G., Mohabeersingh, C. (2008). Lean thinking for medical practices. JPCCR , 2(1), pp 1-10. Guarriello, M. L. (1997). Just-in-time in the infrastructure. Hosp Mater Manage Q , 19, pp 68-72. Kelly, A. M., Bryant, M., Cox, L., Jolley, D. (2007,). Improving emergency department effi ciency by patient streaming to outcomes-based teams. Aust Health Rev , 31, pp 16-21. King, D. L., Ben-Tovim, D. I., Bassham, J. (2006). Redesigning emergency department patient flows: application of Lean Thinking to heal th care. Emerg Med Australas , 18, pp 391-397. Long, J. C. (2003). Healthcare Lean. Mich Health Hosp , 39, pp 54-55. Mitchell, J. D. (2006). Lean thinking for the NHS. London: NHS Confederation. Young, T. P., McClean, S. I. (2008). A critical look at Lean Thinking in healthcare. Qual Safe Health Care , 17(5), pp 382-386. This research paper on Medical Laboratory Quality Systems and Accreditation was written and submitted by user Quinn I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Great Escape of World War II

The Great Escape of World War II Located at Sagan, Germany (now Poland), Stalag Luft III opened in April 1942, though construction was not complete at the time. Designed to deter inmates from tunneling, the camp featured raised barracks and was situated in an area with yellow, sandy subsoil. The bright color of the dirt made it easily detected if dumped on the surface and guards were instructed to watch for it on inmates clothing. The sandy nature of subsoil also ensured that any tunnel would have weak structural integrity and be prone to collapse. Additional defensive measures included seismograph microphones placed around the camps perimeter, a 10-ft. double fence, and numerous guard towers. The initial inmates were largely composed of Royal Air Force and Fleet Air Arm flyers who had been downed by the Germans. In October 1943, they were joined by increasing numbers of US Army Air Force prisoners. With the population growing, German officials began work to expand the camp with two additional compounds, ultimately covering around 60 acres. At its peak, Stalag Luft III housed around 2,500 British, 7,500 American, and 900 additional Allied prisoners. The Wooden Horse Despite the German precautions, an Escape Committee, known as the X Organization, was quickly formed under the guidance of Squadron Leader Roger Bushell (Big X). As the camps barracks had been deliberately built 50 to 100 meters from the fence to deter tunneling, X initially was concerned about the length of any escape tunnel. While several tunneling attempts were made during the camps early days, all were detected. In mid-1943, Flight Lieutenant Eric Williams conceived an idea for starting a tunnel closer to the fence line. Utilizing a Trojan Horse concept, Williams oversaw the construction of a wooden vaulting horse that was designed to conceal men and containers of dirt. Each day the horse, with a digging team inside, was carried to the same spot in the compound. While the prisoners conducted gymnastics exercises, the men in the horse commenced digging an escape tunnel. At the end of each days exercises, a wooden board was placed over the tunnel entrance and covered with surface dirt. Using bowls for shovels, Williams, Lieutenant Michael Codner, and Flight Lieutenant Oliver Philpot dug for three months before finishing the 100-ft tunnel. On the evening of October 29, 1943, the three men made their escape. Traveling north, Williams and Codner reached Stettin where they stowed away on a ship to neutral Sweden. Philpot, posing as a Norwegian businessman, took the train to Danzig and stowed away on a ship to Stockholm. The three men were the only prisoners to successfully escape from the camps eastern compound. The Great Escape With the opening of the camps northern compound in April 1943, many of the British prisoners were moved to new quarters. Among those transferred were Bushell and the majority of the X Organization. Immediately upon arriving, Bushell began planning for a massive 200-man escape utilizing three tunnels designated Tom, Dick, and Harry. Carefully selecting concealed locations for the tunnel entrances, work quickly began and the entry shafts were completed in May. To avoid detection by the seismograph microphones, each tunnel was dug 30 ft. below the surface. Pushing outward, the prisoners constructed tunnels that were only 2 ft. by 2 ft. and supported with wood taken from beds and other camp furniture. Digging was largely done using Klim powdered milk cans. As the tunnels grew in length, scratch-built air pumps were built to supply the diggers with air and a system of trolley carts installed to speed the movement of dirt. For disposing of the yellow dirt, small pouches constructed from old socks were attached inside the prisoners pants allowing them to discreetly scatter it on the surface as they walked. In June 1943, X decided to suspend work on Dick and Harry and focus solely on completing Tom. Concerned that their dirt disposal methods were no longer working as the guards were increasingly catching men during distribution, X ordered that Dick be backfilled with the dirt from Tom. Just short of the fence line, all work came to a sudden halt on September 8, when the Germans discovered Tom. Pausing for several weeks, X ordered work to resume on Harry in January 1944. As digging continued, prisoners also worked on obtaining German and civilian clothing, as well as forging travel papers and identifications. During the tunneling process, X had been assisted by several American prisoners. Unfortunately, by the time the tunnel was completed in March, they had been transferred to another compound. Waiting a week for a moonless night, the escape commenced after dark on March 24, 1944. Breaking through the surface, the first escapee was stunned to find that the tunnel had come up short of the woods adjacent to the camp. Despite this, 76 men successfully transited the tunnel without detection, despite the fact that an air raid occurred during the escape which cut off power to the tunnels lights. Around 5:00 AM on March 25, the 77th man was spotted by the guards as he emerged from the tunnel. Conducting a roll call, the Germans quickly learned the scope of the escape. When news of the escape reached Hitler, the irate German leader initially ordered that all of the recaptured prisoners should be shot. Convinced by Gestapo Chief Heinrich Himmler that this would irreparably damage Germanys relations with neutral countries, Hitler rescinded his order and directed that only 50 be killed. As they fled through eastern Germany, all but three (Norwegians Per Bergsland and Jens MÃ ¼ller, and Dutchman Bram van der Stok) of the escapees were recaptured. Between March 29 and April 13, fifty were shot by the German authorities who claimed that the prisoners were trying to escape again. The remaining prisoners were returned to camps around Germany. In canvassing Stalag Luft III, the Germans found that the prisoners had used wood from 4,000 bed boards, 90 beds, 62 tables, 34 chairs, and 76 benches in building their tunnels. In the wake of the escape, the camp commandant, Fritz von Lindeiner, was removed and replaced with Oberst Braune. Angered by the killing of the escapees, Braune permitted the prisoners to build a memorial to their memory. Upon learning of the murders, the British government was incensed and the killing of the 50 was among the war crimes charged at ​​Nuremberg after the war.​​ Selected Sources PBS: The Great EscapeImperial War Museum: Great Escapes

Why the Pennsylvania Germans Are Often Called Dutch

Why the Pennsylvania Germans Are Often Called Dutch First of all, we can quickly dispose of the Pennsylvania Dutch misnomer. The term is more properly Pennsylvania German because the so-called Pennsylvania Dutch have nothing to do with Holland, the Netherlands, or the Dutch language. These settlers originally came from German-speaking areas of Europe and spoke a dialect of German they refer to as Deitsch (Deutsch). It is this word Deutsch (German) that has led to the second misconception about the origin of the term Pennsylvania Dutch. Did Deutsch Become Dutch? This popular explanation of why the Pennsylvania Germans are often incorrectly called Pennsylvania Dutch fits into the plausible category of myths. At first, it seems logical that English-speaking Pennsylvanians simply confused the word Deutsch for Dutch. But then you have to ask yourself, were they really that ignorant- and wouldnt the Pennsylvania Dutch themselves have bothered to correct people constantly calling them Dutchmen? But this Deutsch/Dutch explanation further falls apart when you realize that many of the Pennsylvania Dutch actually prefer that term over Pennsylvania German! They also use the term Dutch or Dutchmen to refer to themselves. There is another explanation. Some linguists have made the case that the term Pennsylvania Dutch goes back to the original English use of the word Dutch. Although there is no definitive evidence that links it to the term Pennsylvania Dutch, it is true that in the English of the 18th and 19th centuries, the word Dutch referred to anyone from a wide range of Germanic regions, places that we now distinguish as the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. At that time Dutch was a broader term that meant what we today call Flemish, Dutch or German. The terms High Dutch (German) and Low Dutch (Dutch, nether means low) were used to make a clearer distinction between what we now call German (from Latin) or Dutch (from Old High German). Not all Pennsylvania Germans are Amish. Although they are the best known group, the Amish make up only a small portion of the Pennsylvania Germans in the state. Other groups include the Mennonites, the Brethren, and sub-groups within each group, many of whom use cars and electricity. It is also easy to forget that Germany (Deutschland) did not exist as a single nation state until 1871. Prior to that time, Germany was more like a quilt-work of duchies, kingdoms, and states where various German dialects were spoken. The settlers of the Pennsylvania German region came from the Rhineland, Switzerland, Tyrol, and various other regions beginning in 1689. The Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites now located in the eastern counties of Pennsylvania and elsewhere in North America did not really come from Germany in the modern sense of the word, so it is not entirely accurate to refer to them as German either. However, they did bring their German dialects with them, and in modern English, it is best to refer to this ethnic group as Pennsylvania Germans. Calling them Pennsylvania Dutch is misleading to speakers of modern English. Despite the fact that Lancaster County and various tourism agencies keep using the quaint term Pennsylvania Dutch on their Web sites and promotional materials, and despite the fact that some Pennsylvania Germans prefer the Dutch term, why perpetuate something that contradicts the fact that the Pennsylvania Germans are linguistically German, not Dutch? Support for this opinion can be seen in the name of the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University. This organization, dedicated to the preservation of the Pennsylvania German language and culture, uses the word German rather than Dutch in its name. Since Dutch no longer means what it did in the 1700s and is very misleading, its more appropriate to replace it with German. Deitsch Unfortunately,  Deitsch, the language of the Pennsylvania Germans, is dying out. Learn more about  Deitsch, the Amish, other settlement areas.